What do I need to know?

When newborns present with extensive skin conditions that are thought to be inherited, such as epidermolysis bullosa, a genomic diagnosis can help clarify what is happening for the patient’s family. It can enable clinicians to ensure that parents are well informed about what to expect from their newborn’s condition, as well as about the various treatment and management options available.

Some genetic skin diseases that commonly present during childhood have been linked to neurodevelopmental conditions. For example, some young patients who present with extensive skin inflammation and scaling will be found to have a genetic condition called ichthyosis. This condition is now understood to be caused by a range of genetic variants that influence the formation of the outer skin barrier. Ichthyosis is inherited in a number of different patterns, depending on the subtype. Some types of genetic variants – for example those seen in x-linked ichthyosis – may be associated with additional neurodevelopmental conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Systemic clues from the skin

By examining the skin, dermatologists can decipher valuable clues that may reveal a broad range of underlying genetic causes for patients’ presentations.

Clinical examination of the face, for example, can reveal a potential heritable predisposition to cancer, and is especially relevant in an era of remote consultations. Clinical presentations of certain facial features and cutaneous signs may suggest an underlying genetic predisposition to skin and other cancers; this means that, by identifying them, dermatologists can highlight management and surveillance strategies based on the latest guidelines.

Familial skin cancer and melanoma

In some families, carrying a pathogenic variant in a melanoma-predisposing gene such as CDKN2A can increase the risk of family members developing melanoma. This risk can be passed from generation to generation, and identifying the familial variant can influence clinical decisions around skin surveillance and, in the case of melanoma caused by variants in CDKN2A, cancer screening of the pancreas.

Watch this short video to hear Jennifer’s story about how genomic testing provided an answer for her family’s history of multiple melanomas.

n the UK, dermatologists are able to request genomic tests for skin conditions via the National Genomic Test Directory. This means that, by learning to ‘think genomics’ in their day-to-day clinical practice, a dermatologist can take action to provide patients from all stages of life with a genomic diagnosis that could have a significant impact on their healthcare outcomes.

For a small number of genetic skin conditions, such as epidermolysis bullosa and xeroderma pigmentosum, highly specialised services are in place in certain parts of the country, which receive referrals and include genomic testing as part of the care provided. However, there are many more conditions for which testing is available, but which are not catered for by specialist services – meaning that testing sits with dermatologists.

Watch this short video for some handy hints and tips about requesting genomic testing within the NHS.

The broadening of access to genomic testing to include relevant medical specialties is known as mainstreaming, and it is happening across all specialties in clinical medicine. The tests that are available to dermatologists, which are listed in the National Genomic Test Directory, are designed by a group of clinical experts and include panels of genes relevant to specific dermatology diagnoses, which are updated once a year.

Dermatologists working in clinical practice can develop their own understanding of how to request genomic tests by accessing free online resources on topics such as:

• how to take a family history and draw a family tree;
• how to take informed consent for testing; and
• how to communicate results to patients.

Once genomic testing has been requested and carried out, the results will be analysed by clinical scientists in the genomic laboratory and a report will be produced (this typically takes a few months). The responsibility for interpreting the implications of the report and communicating them to the patient will sit with the dermatologist who requested the test – though support will be available from clinical genetics services, and there may be a local multidisciplinary team (MDT) meeting at which the results can be discussed.

Learn more about reading, understanding and communicating genomic test reports in this video tutorial, and explore the types of results you might find in this short film.

It is important to remember that not every aspect of genomic medicine in relation to genetic skin conditions sits with dermatologists. Working in partnership with clinical geneticists and genetic counsellors is a crucial part of the dermatologist’s role in genomics mainstreaming within the specialty.

At the point at which a genomic diagnosis is made, key tasks should be handed over to clinical genetics services – including:

• discussing family planning options with the patient; and
• undertaking cascade testing (testing additional members of the patient’s family).

A referral to clinical genetics services should also be made if a genomic diagnosis is suspected but testing has not identified one – for example, if a genomic test report includes a finding of a variant of uncertain significance.

In some NHS trusts, MDTs made up of dermatologists, clinical geneticists and genetic counsellors meet to discuss test results and next steps in patient care.

• A male patient aged 35 is referred by the skin cancer MDT because he has developed a melanoma and has a family history of melanoma.
• His older brother has been diagnosed with metastatic melanoma warranting surgery and immunotherapy, and his mother has already had surgery to remove three melanomas, starting from the age of 30.

Figure 2: A pedigree showing the patient’s known family history

• Suspecting a familial melanoma-predisposing genetic variant, the patient’s dermatologist asks his mother to provide a blood sample for genomic testing.
• Four genes are tested as part of the melanoma gene panel (which sits under the test code R254 in the National Genomic Test Directory), and a variant in CDKN2A is found. As a result, a diagnosis of familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome (FAMMMS) is confirmed. FAMMMS is a condition in which patients can develop multiple atypical moles and melanoma, making it difficult for them to notice changing moles. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern and is known to be associated with carcinomas in other parts of the body, primarily the pancreas.
• The dermatologist refers the case to the local clinical genetics service, and cascade testing is carried out by genetic counsellors. Various family members are also found to have the CDKN2A variant. All those affected are offered skin surveillance and, from the age of 40, endoscopic ultrasound to screen for pancreatic cancer. Those found to be unaffected are advised about sun protection and self-surveillance to monitor any changes in the skin.
• In this case, genomic testing helped identify high-risk individuals within the family, influenced lifestyle choices and raised awareness of the importance of self-examination and early reporting.

• A male patient is diagnosed with palmoplantar keratoderma, a condition that features thickening of the soles of the feet and palms of the hands that makes walking very painful and severely limits hand function.
• The patient has received ointments and oral therapies, but continues to experience limitations in function, and is at times forced to crawl rather than walk because of his pain. This is having a significant impact on his quality of life and mental health.
• The patient’s dermatologist requests genomic testing, which reveals a variant in the TRPV3 gene known to cause the rare condition Olmsted syndrome. This diagnosis provides the patient with access to a clinical trial that is seeking to understand more about the function of TRPV3 and attempting to treat patients’ symptoms with erlotinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor.
• While the patient is taking part in the clinical trial, the erlotinib treatment leads to a rapid resolution of his pain.
• In this case, genomic testing diagnosed the patient with a specific subtype of palmoplantar keratoderma that gave him access to a clinical trial and a specific treatment, which brought about a dramatic improvement in his symptoms and quality of life.

To find out more about this patient’s story, read this extended article by Genomics England.